노회찬재단 연구용역보고서
기후정치의 진단 및 평가와 과제
- 김현우 탈성장과 대안 연구소 소장
기후위기는 우리에게 여타의 사회정치적 위기와는 비할 수 없을 정도로 압도적이고 광범위한 영향을 미치게 될 것으로 예상될 뿐 아니라, 이미 가시화되고 있는 자연 현상이자 사회 현상이기도 하다. 기후위기는 기성의 법제도와 경제적 관행뿐 아니라 제도화된 학문적 접근과 인식론으로도 충분한 대처가 어렵다는 인식이 높아지고 있다. 정치를 ‘국가의 주권을 위임받은 대표자가 그 영토와 국민을 위하여 실행하는 여러 가지 일 또는 국가의 권력을 획득, 유지, 조정, 행사하기 위해 전개하는 사회적 제반 활동’이라 정의하는 것 역시 기후위기 앞에서 너무 안일하거나 완전히 허구적인 것으로 드러나고 있다. 현재의 정치는 국제 기후체제 수준에서나 일국적 정치 차원에서나 기후위기 대응에 완전히 실패하고 있을 뿐 아니라 위기를 더욱 심화시키고 있기 때문이다.
이는 단지 정치인 개인들의 자질 부족이나 정치 제도의 부분적 결함 때문이 아니다. 화석 자본주의가 빚어낸 현재와 같은 대의 민주주의 제도와 우리의 인식을 제약하고 고정시키는 성장주의는 현 상태 유지(business-as-usual)의 대응을 지속시키면서 실현 가능하지 않은 국지적이고 표피적인 기후 처방을 되풀이하게 만든다. 그렇다면 우리는 논의와 실천 역시 현 상태 유지에서 벗어나려면 이러한 기후위기 대응 불능의 기후정치를 지속하게 하는 이유들을 깊이 들여다보고 기후위기를 다룰 수 있는 다른 정치, 나아가서 정치의 개념과 작동 방식 자체를 전환하는 데까지 나아가야 할 것이다.
본 연구는 기후정치를 둘러싼 논의와 운동의 사례들을 통해 기후정치의 가능성과 불가능성의 조건들을 탐색하고, 한국의 역사와 정치 구조가 갖는 특징들이 기후정치에 어떤 함의를 갖는지를 살펴본다. 이를 통해 기후정치의 논의를 심화하고 현실 정치와 운동에서 토론할 수 있는 기후정치의 대안과 의제들을 제시하고자 한다.
<목 차>
1장 서론: 기후정치의 의미와 중요성 ····················································································· 1
1. 연구의 배경 ···················································································································· 1
2. 선행 연구 검토와 최근의 동향 ····················································································· 1
3. 기후정치의 정의와 연구의 관점 ···················································································· 3
2장 기후정치 논의의 전개와 심화 ·························································································· 5
1. 기성 화석 자본주의와 대의 민주주의 ··········································································· 5
2. 기성 인식론과 기후정치 ································································································ 6
3. 기성 자본주의 체제와 기후정치 ···················································································· 8
4. 기성 정치의 관성과 새로운 기후정치 ··········································································· 9
3장 기후정치의 현실과 다른 정치의 모색 ··········································································· 11
1. 제도 정치의 변화: 미국 선라이즈 운동과 제도 정치의 급진화 ······························· 11
2. 제도 외 정치의 모색: 기후 시민의회의 실험 ···························································· 12
3. 계획과 참여 민주주의의 재소환: 지구의 절반 사회주의 ········································· 15
4. 정치 주체와 의제의 확장: 독일 등 기후소송에서 자연법까지 ································· 18
5. 기후정치와 운동의 새로운 감각과 기제: 녹색 정동 ·················································· 19
4장 한국 기후정치, 현황과 분석 ·························································································· 21
1. 한국 기후위기 여론 지형 ··························································································· 21
2. 22대 총선의 기후운동과 기후정치 ··············································································· 23
3. 기후총선의 결과와 평가 ···························································································· 26
4. 한국의 정치체제가 가로막는 기후정치 ········································································· 27
5. 한국의 성장주의가 가로막는 기후정치 ········································································· 29
5장 결론: 정치와 관계의 재구성을 위한 제안 ····································································· 33
1. 기후위기 시대, 정치의 의미와 방식의 전환 ······························································ 33
2. 정당책임제와 기후 시민의회라는 대안 ········································································· 34
※ 보고서는 하단 첨부파일을 참조하세요.
노회찬재단 연구용역보고서
기후정치의 진단 및 평가와 과제
- 김현우 탈성장과 대안 연구소 소장
기후위기는 우리에게 여타의 사회정치적 위기와는 비할 수 없을 정도로 압도적이고 광범위한 영향을 미치게 될 것으로 예상될 뿐 아니라, 이미 가시화되고 있는 자연 현상이자 사회 현상이기도 하다. 기후위기는 기성의 법제도와 경제적 관행뿐 아니라 제도화된 학문적 접근과 인식론으로도 충분한 대처가 어렵다는 인식이 높아지고 있다. 정치를 ‘국가의 주권을 위임받은 대표자가 그 영토와 국민을 위하여 실행하는 여러 가지 일 또는 국가의 권력을 획득, 유지, 조정, 행사하기 위해 전개하는 사회적 제반 활동’이라 정의하는 것 역시 기후위기 앞에서 너무 안일하거나 완전히 허구적인 것으로 드러나고 있다. 현재의 정치는 국제 기후체제 수준에서나 일국적 정치 차원에서나 기후위기 대응에 완전히 실패하고 있을 뿐 아니라 위기를 더욱 심화시키고 있기 때문이다.
이는 단지 정치인 개인들의 자질 부족이나 정치 제도의 부분적 결함 때문이 아니다. 화석 자본주의가 빚어낸 현재와 같은 대의 민주주의 제도와 우리의 인식을 제약하고 고정시키는 성장주의는 현 상태 유지(business-as-usual)의 대응을 지속시키면서 실현 가능하지 않은 국지적이고 표피적인 기후 처방을 되풀이하게 만든다. 그렇다면 우리는 논의와 실천 역시 현 상태 유지에서 벗어나려면 이러한 기후위기 대응 불능의 기후정치를 지속하게 하는 이유들을 깊이 들여다보고 기후위기를 다룰 수 있는 다른 정치, 나아가서 정치의 개념과 작동 방식 자체를 전환하는 데까지 나아가야 할 것이다.
본 연구는 기후정치를 둘러싼 논의와 운동의 사례들을 통해 기후정치의 가능성과 불가능성의 조건들을 탐색하고, 한국의 역사와 정치 구조가 갖는 특징들이 기후정치에 어떤 함의를 갖는지를 살펴본다. 이를 통해 기후정치의 논의를 심화하고 현실 정치와 운동에서 토론할 수 있는 기후정치의 대안과 의제들을 제시하고자 한다.
<목 차>
1장 서론: 기후정치의 의미와 중요성 ····················································································· 1
1. 연구의 배경 ···················································································································· 1
2. 선행 연구 검토와 최근의 동향 ····················································································· 1
3. 기후정치의 정의와 연구의 관점 ···················································································· 3
2장 기후정치 논의의 전개와 심화 ·························································································· 5
1. 기성 화석 자본주의와 대의 민주주의 ··········································································· 5
2. 기성 인식론과 기후정치 ································································································ 6
3. 기성 자본주의 체제와 기후정치 ···················································································· 8
4. 기성 정치의 관성과 새로운 기후정치 ··········································································· 9
3장 기후정치의 현실과 다른 정치의 모색 ··········································································· 11
1. 제도 정치의 변화: 미국 선라이즈 운동과 제도 정치의 급진화 ······························· 11
2. 제도 외 정치의 모색: 기후 시민의회의 실험 ···························································· 12
3. 계획과 참여 민주주의의 재소환: 지구의 절반 사회주의 ········································· 15
4. 정치 주체와 의제의 확장: 독일 등 기후소송에서 자연법까지 ································· 18
5. 기후정치와 운동의 새로운 감각과 기제: 녹색 정동 ·················································· 19
4장 한국 기후정치, 현황과 분석 ·························································································· 21
1. 한국 기후위기 여론 지형 ··························································································· 21
2. 22대 총선의 기후운동과 기후정치 ··············································································· 23
3. 기후총선의 결과와 평가 ···························································································· 26
4. 한국의 정치체제가 가로막는 기후정치 ········································································· 27
5. 한국의 성장주의가 가로막는 기후정치 ········································································· 29
5장 결론: 정치와 관계의 재구성을 위한 제안 ····································································· 33
1. 기후위기 시대, 정치의 의미와 방식의 전환 ······························································ 33
2. 정당책임제와 기후 시민의회라는 대안 ········································································· 34
※ 보고서는 하단 첨부파일을 참조하세요.